Final answer:
The default subnet masks for the given IP addresses are 255.255.255.0 (a), 255.0.0.0 (b), 255.255.0.0 (c), and 255.255.255.0 (d).
Step-by-step explanation:
The default subnet mask for an IP address is determined by its class.
For IP address a. 192.168.1.1, the default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 because it falls under Class C.
For IP address b. 10.0.0.1, the default subnet mask is 255.0.0.0 because it falls under Class A.
For IP address c. 172.16.0.1, the default subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 because it falls under Class B.
For IP address d. 192.0.2.1, the default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 because it falls under Class C.