Final answer:
Adding or subtracting a constant 'c' to the function f(x) results in a vertical shift. Option C is the correct answer as it changes the vertical position without affecting the horizontal position.
Step-by-step explanation:
To shift a function vertically, a constant is either added to or subtracted from the function, represented by f(x). This constant corresponds to option C, meaning adding 'c' to f(x) shifts the function upwards and subtracting 'c' from f(x) shifts it downwards. These operations do not affect the function's horizontal movement, which would involve changing the x-values instead (referred to as a horizontal shift).