Final answer:
Plants' life cycles are characterized as annuals, biennials, or perennials. Annuals complete their life cycle in one year, biennials in two years, and perennials over multiple years with several instances of reproduction(option a,b and c).
Step-by-step explanation:
Plants have evolved different strategies for growth and reproduction, which are categorized based on their life cycles into three main types: annuals, biennials, and perennials.
Annuals
Annuals are plants that complete their life cycle in one season or year, such as the Arabidopsis. They grow from seed, bloom, produce seeds, and then die within one growing season. If environmental conditions were to remain favorable year-round, some plants treated as annuals in certain climates might actually live longer.
Biennials
Biennials are plants that take two years to complete their life cycle. In the first year, they generally focus on vegetative growth, such as leaves and roots. An example is the carrot. In the second year, they enter their reproductive phase, flowering, and producing seeds before dying. They often require exposure to specific environmental conditions like cold winters to trigger flowering in their second year.
Perennials
Perennials include plants that live for several years, growing and reproducing multiple times throughout their lifespan. Plants like the magnolia are perennials, which can have vegetative and reproductive phases spread over many years. Unlike annuals and biennials, perennials may not flower every year, but when they do, they invest in flowers, fruits, and seeds.
Hence, the answer is option a,b abd c.