Final answer:
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a genetic mutation in the CFTR gene, which results in the production of thick mucus that impairs organ function. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and can lead to recurrent respiratory infections and malabsorption of nutrients. Although there is no cure, treatments are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), making the correct answer to the student's question (C) Genetic Mutation. This genetic disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, meaning that a person must inherit two defective copies of the gene, one from each parent, to develop the disease. The mutation leads to the production of abnormal CFTR proteins, which are responsible for regulating the transport of chloride and sodium ions across cell membranes. As a result, individuals with cystic fibrosis produce thick, sticky mucus that clogs the respiratory and digestive systems, leading to frequent lung infections and problems with nutrient absorption.
The symptoms of cystic fibrosis are due to a malfunctioning membrane ion channel called CFTR. In healthy individuals, this protein facilitates the movement of Cl- ions, helping to maintain the right balance of fluid on the surface of various organs. However, the mutated gene in cystic fibrosis patients yields a faulty protein that either does not function correctly or gets degraded by the cell, causing the characteristic buildup of thick mucus.
While there is no cure for cystic fibrosis, advancements in medical treatment have significantly improved the quality of life and life expectancy of those affected. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, such as using medications to thin mucus, antibiotics to treat infections, and in severe cases, lung transplantation might be considered.