Final answer:
Condenser microphones use an electric charge and require phantom power or a battery to operate.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of microphone that uses an electric charge and requires phantom power or a battery to operate is a condenser microphone.
Condenser microphones work by converting sound waves into electrical signals through a diaphragm that vibrates in response to the sound. This diaphragm is placed close to a metal plate, creating a capacitor. When sound waves hit the diaphragm, it moves, changing the distance between the diaphragm and metal plate, which changes the capacitance and produces an electrical signal. Due to this design, condenser microphones are more sensitive and accurate compared to other types of microphones.
To power the condenser microphone and provide the required electrical charge, phantom power is used in professional setups. Phantom power is a DC current that is sent through the microphone cable from the audio interface or mixing console to power the microphone. Some condenser microphones also have the option to be powered by an internal battery.