Final answer:
Assimilation is the process by which minority cultures become similar to the dominant culture, as opposed to pluralistic societies where cultural diversity is maintained. Sociologists measure assimilation through various benchmarks, with language being a significant barrier with indirect consequences on socioeconomic opportunities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Assimilation involves a minority culture adopting the practices of a dominant culture, potentially losing distinct cultural characteristics. This contrasts with a pluralistic society where multiple cultures coexist while maintaining their unique identities, akin to the 'salad bowl' concept.
The main benchmarks used by sociologists to measure assimilation include socioeconomic status, spatial concentration, language assimilation, and intermarriage. Language barriers, in particular, can have indirect consequences, restricting access to employment and educational opportunities, and inhibiting economic prosperity and social mobility for immigrants facing assimilation challenges.
Anthropologists use various methods to study cultural evolution and adaptation. They are interested in how cultural practices develop and change over time. When comparing cultures, more complex societies are often deemed more 'advanced' but such measures can be ethically and academically controversial.