Final Answer:
The theory that argues successful aging involves a withdrawal from society is the 1) Disengagement theory
Step-by-step explanation:
Disengagement theory posits that as individuals age, they naturally withdraw from societal roles and activities. This withdrawal is considered a mutual process, where older individuals and society both disengage from each other. The theory suggests that this withdrawal is a normal and expected part of the aging process, allowing older individuals to focus more on introspection and a gradual disconnection from societal responsibilities.
The main premise of the Disengagement theory is rooted in the idea that older adults voluntarily reduce their involvement in social activities and roles. This withdrawal is seen as a mechanism that benefits both the individual and society, as it allows for a smoother transition of responsibilities and roles. This theory contrasts with the Activity theory and Continuity theory, which propose that active engagement in social and productive activities is essential for successful aging.
While Disengagement theory has faced criticism for potentially reinforcing ageist stereotypes and lacking consideration for the diversity of aging experiences, it remains a significant perspective in gerontology. Researchers continue to explore the complexities of aging, recognizing that individual experiences may vary, and factors such as health, personal preferences, and societal expectations play crucial roles in shaping the aging process.