Final answer:
The 'neural crest' is the structure associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system in vertebrates. It differentiates from the ectoderm and forms a variety of tissues and structures, whereas the 'neural tube' gives rise to the central nervous system.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structure associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system is the neural crest. In vertebrate embryology, the neural crest is a group of cells that arise from the ectoderm, the outermost layer of the developing embryo, and differentiate to form several different types of tissues and structures throughout the body. This contrasts with the neural tube, which is associated with the development of the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS arises primarily from the ectoderm as well, specifically through a process where the neural plate folds to form the tube structure.
It’s interesting to note that in vertebrates, which include humans and other mammals along with fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the notochord is typically present at some point during development and is surrounded by a backbone. This is part of what distinguishes chordates, the phylum that includes all vertebrates, from other animal groups.