Final answer:
Intersectionality was undermined in France and Germany due to factors like differences in nationalism, political tensions, and political scandals.
Step-by-step explanation:
In France and Germany, several factors undermined intersectionality:
- Nationalism and ethnic identity: Germany defined nationalism along ethnic lines, while France considered anyone who claimed allegiance to the French civil state as "French." This difference in defining national identity hindered intersectionality by limiting inclusiveness and fragmenting identity groups.
- Political tensions and rivalries: Tensions between France and Germany, especially after France's loss in the Franco-Prussian War and the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, resulted in strained relations. These political rivalries and antagonisms made it challenging to foster intersectionality.
- Political scandals and public distrust: In France, a series of political scandals eroded public trust in the government. This lack of trust further weakened the potential for intersectionality by creating a climate of skepticism and disillusionment.