Final answer:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is the author who believed that institutions should be reformed to reflect the will of the people, advocating for a government that aligns with the general will and principles of direct democracy. The correct option is 3) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Step-by-step explanation:
Political Philosophies of Locke and Rousseau
The author who expressed views that government and other institutions should be reshaped to conform to the will of the people in most of his work was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau believed in establishing a government responsive to the "general will" and is considered closest to the idea of direct democracy.
Contrarily, Thomas Hobbes saw the role of government as providing security and defense, with people owing allegiance to a strong leader. John Locke advocated for a representative government where the social contract protects the rights of the people, and the government exists to serve them.
Both Locke and Rousseau believed in a social contract, but Rousseau's views were more radical, emphasizing that governments must submit to the general will of the people.
Rousseau's famous quote, "Man is born free, yet he is in chains everywhere," encapsulates his philosophy. His ideas were influential during the Enlightenment and were significant in shaping modern political thought on democracy and the role of the government in society. The correct option is 3) Jean-Jacques Rousseau