Final answer:
The Axum Empire's control over trade routes contributed to its formation by enabling it to trade valuable goods, establish military dominance, and expand its territory and influence, leading to its prosperity and cultural dispersion.
Step-by-step explanation:
The control of the trade routes connecting the Red Sea, the Nile River Valley, and South Africa was pivotal to the formation and prosperity of the Axum Empire. Influence over these routes allowed Axum to trade a wealth of goods including ivory, gold, and spices like frankincense and myrrh. These commodities were highly prized in various regions, thus enhancing the empire's wealth. The strategic geographical location of Axum played a significant role in establishing military dominance over the region.
By controlling key points along the trade routes, particularly the port city of Adulis, Axum could direct and secure the lucrative trade between the African interior and the wider Mediterranean world. The military leadership of King Ezna during the fourth century CE expanded the kingdom, leading to a merger of cultures and the infusion of Christianity which shaped the empire's identity. Control of trade routes not only bolstered Axum's economy but also cemented its military and political influence, dispersing its culture and religion throughout the region, and allowing for a period of affluence and power in the region.