Final answer:
Skepticism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism are philosophical schools emerging after Aristotle, focusing on questioning knowledge, seeking happiness through simplicity, and living virtuously in accordance with nature, respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
Skepticism involves questioning the possibility of certainty in knowledge; Epicureanism seeks a life of pleasure through simplicity and knowledge; Stoicism promotes virtue as the highest good and life in accordance with nature.After Aristotle, several philosophical schools emerged, each with distinct principles. Skepticism is marked by its questioning of the possibility of certain knowledge, urging people to suspend judgment in the face of contradictory information. This approach is skeptical of absolute truths and often views the search for knowledge as an ongoing process.
Epicureanism, on the other hand, was founded by Epicurus who argued for a life aimed at attaining pleasure and happiness through simplicity, moderation, and a deeper understanding of the world. Epicureans typically advised withdrawal from politics and emphasized friendship as an important component of a good life. In contrast, Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue, equality with divine reason, is the highest good. Stoics believe in living in harmony with nature and understanding the natural order of the world, while also maintaining self-control and fortitude as a means to overcome destructive emotions. These philosophical schools provided a foundation for ethical conduct and personal fulfillment, providing countering perspectives to political engagement.