Final answer:
The medieval system referred to is known as Scholasticism, which sought to reconcile classical philosophy with Christian theology. Key figures include St. Thomas Aquinas and Augustine, who integrated Aristotelian concepts and personal narrative into Christian teachings.
Step-by-step explanation:
Medieval Theology and Philosophy
The system of theology and philosophy that used classical concepts as a foundation for discussing Christian thought during medieval times is known as Scholasticism. This intellectual movement originated in the Christian monastic schools of the early Middle Ages and attempted to reconcile the philosophy of ancient classic philosophers like Aristotle and Plato with Christian theology. Central to this were figures such as St. Thomas Aquinas, who integrated Aristotle's metaphysical and ethical frameworks into Christian doctrine, creating a synthesis that formed the basis for much of Western medieval Christianity.
Augustine, another key figure in medieval thought, used his works such as the Confessions to mesh Christian theology with the philosophical insights of late antiquity. Meanwhile, the political and cultural transformation following the fall of the Roman Empire saw the Catholic Church absorb and preserve classical knowledge, which was then reflected and debated in the practices of medieval philosophy and theology.
Through rigorous dialectical methods, scholars like Aquinas and Augustine sought to understand truths regarding faith and reason, which often involved balancing theological revelation with intellectual freedom. Scholasticism became the preeminent method for teaching and inquiry throughout medieval Europe, greatly influencing the realms of education, philosophy, and religion.