Final Answer:
Malcolm's father followed Marcus Garvey in the 1920s. Marcus Garvey was a prominent black leader who advocated for pan-Africanism and separation of the races. This aligns with Malcolm X's upbringing and early influence, as his father was a follower of Garvey's teachings. Therefore, the correct answer is 1) Marcus Garvey.
Step-by-step explanation:
Malcolm X's father, Earl Little, was a dedicated follower of Marcus Garvey during the 1920s. Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican-born political leader and orator, founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the African Communities League. Garvey's philosophy centered on pan-Africanism, promoting the idea of a united African diaspora and encouraging economic self-sufficiency for black communities. Garvey's emphasis on separation of the races and the establishment of an independent black nation resonated strongly with Malcolm X's family.
The UNIA, led by Garvey, gained widespread support, advocating for black pride, economic empowerment, and the establishment of a "Back to Africa" movement. Malcolm X's father, influenced by Garvey's ideas, actively participated in UNIA activities. This familial connection exposed Malcolm X to Garveyite principles from an early age, shaping his later advocacy for black empowerment and self-determination. The influence of Marcus Garvey on Malcolm X's upbringing played a pivotal role in shaping his worldview and approach to civil rights, later contributing to Malcolm X's prominent role in the Nation of Islam.
In summary, Malcolm's father's association with Marcus Garvey during the 1920s strongly influenced Malcolm X's early life. Garvey's advocacy for pan-Africanism and separation aligns with Malcolm X's later beliefs and actions, making Marcus Garvey the key figure in the context of Malcolm X's familial and ideological background. Therefore, the correct answer is 1) Marcus Garvey.