Question

To what extent Confucianism is a humanism, in the Western meaning of the term?

I propose to tackle this question by framing it this way: what are the similarities and differences between Confucianism and Western Humanism?

By "Western Humanism" is meant a philosophical tradition developed in the West, starting from Ancient Greek philosophical period, revived during the Renaissance*, and also the Enlightenment philosophical period, and finally continuously pursued since then in Europe and the U.S. by many philosophers or scientists (notably Paul Kurtz) and associations (e.g. Humanists U.K, Council for Secular Humanism).

*"The Renaissance era has the reputation for rediscovering the classical world and fostering humanism in the West." (Shook, 2020)

Answer 1

Confucianism and Western Humanism both focus on human potential and ethics but come from distinct cultural backgrounds

Step-by-step explanation:

Confucianism and Western Humanism both place a strong emphasis on ethical principles and the potential for human achievement. Confucianism, founded by Confucius in the 5th century BCE, has influenced East Asian life for over two millennia, focusing on individual moral development, societal harmony, and practical wisdom rather than metaphysical speculation. Neo-Confucianism, which emerged in the eighth century CE, reintroduced Confucian ideas with a greater emphasis on reason and humanism, engaging critically with Buddhism and Taoism.

Western Humanism, particularly Renaissance Humanism, developed as a reaction to the scholasticism of the medieval period. It placed strong emphasis on the study of classical texts, the potential of humanity, and the cultivation of life in service to the civic community, drawing on anti-scholastic education that prioritized moral philosophy and the humanities. Christian Humanism or Northern Renaissance humanism, went further to integrate classical learning with Christianity's moral teachings, with exemplars like Desiderius Erasmus advocating for inner piety over external religious practices.

Both Confucianism and Western Humanism uphold the importance of ethical self-cultivation and societal order. However, Confucianism is deeply rooted in a specific cultural and political context and is closely tied to social hierarchies and familial duties. Western Humanism, especially during the Renaissance, focused on individualism and the rediscovery of classical antiquity, and in its Christian form, sought to reform individuals in line with religious teachings. Despite these cultural differences, both traditions converge on the concept of human potential and ethical living.