Final answer:
The relationship between smoking and periodontal disease can be evaluated through evidence from studies, longitudinal research, and reports from reputable organizations. Smoking increases the risk of gum inflammation, tooth loss, tooth stains, and bad breath. Reputable organizations like the American Cancer Society and the Royal College of Physicians have provided evidence on the link between smoking and oral problems, including periodontal disease.
Step-by-step explanation:
The relationship between smoking and periodontal disease can be evaluated through several lines of evidence. Firstly, studies have shown that roughly half of the cases of gum inflammation, which is a sign of periodontal disease, can be attributed to current or former smoking. Smoking also increases the risk of tooth loss, which is higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. Additionally, smoking stains the teeth and causes bad breath. Longitudinal research and reports from reputable organizations such as the American Cancer Society and the Royal College of Physicians provide further evidence on the link between smoking and oral problems, including periodontal disease.