Question

Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology and deism that seeks to provide arguments for theological topics (such as the existence of a deity) based on reason and the discoveries of science, the project of arguing for the existence of God on the basis of observed so-called natural facts, and through natural phenomena viewed as divine, or complexities of nature seen as evidence of a divine plan (see predestination) or Will of God, which includes nature itself. This distinguishes it from revealed theology, which is based on scripture and/or religious experiences, also from transcendental theology, which is based on a priori reasoning.

Answer 1

Natural theology uses reason and scientific observations to discuss theological matters, notably the existence of God, through natural facts, setting it apart from revealed and transcendental theology. Naturalism aligns with this by accounting for all phenomena with natural causes, rejecting supernatural explanations. Theistic Natural Law Theory encompasses both views, attributing the creation of natural laws to a divine entity.

Step-by-step explanation:

Natural Theology and Naturalism

Natural theology, also known as physico-theology, is a branch of theology that uses reason and scientific discoveries to argue for the existence of a deity or to interpret theological topics. Unlike revealed theology, which relies on scriptures and religious experiences, natural theology looks for divine signs in natural phenomena and real-world complexities. This approach is informed by the idea that natural forces can explain religious experiences without referencing any supernatural entities. Naturalism is an approach in philosophy that holds a similar view: all phenomena in the universe can be fully explained by natural laws and physical processes. Theistic Natural Law Theory supports this perspective, positing that God created nature and its laws, and gave humans the reason to understand these laws through natural observation rather than supernatural revelation.

Naturalism denies the need for a priori reasoning and metaphysics, instead prioritizing empirical evidence and the scientific method. This relates to the philosophies of determinism, dualism, libertarianism, monism, and ontology. In the context of natural theology, figures like Aquinas argue for the existence of God using reasoning that does not rely exclusively on ecclesiastical authority but rather on observed natural facts, like the concept of an unmoved mover or a grand designer that is apparent in natural order and complexity.