Final answer:
Colors and notes correspond to different kinds of waves, and the analogy between them is based on the idea of frequency as perceived by the senses. Doubling the frequency of a note raises it by an octave, not lowers it. This topic encompasses the concepts of pitch perception, wave properties, and basic music theory.
Step-by-step explanation:
None of the statements presented accurately represent the relationship between colors and notes in a musical scale. Colors and notes are not the same phenomenon; rather they both can be understood in terms of wave properties -- light as electromagnetic waves and sound as mechanical waves. The analogy between color and pitch is often made because both involve a frequency that is perceived by the human senses: pitch for sound and color for light. However, this is where the analogy ends as they are completely different types of waves and are perceived by different sensory organs.
In terms of the musical scale, doubling the frequency of a musical note actually corresponds to transposing it up by an octave, not down. This relationship is one of the fundamental concepts of music theory: if you have a note at a certain frequency, doubling that frequency gives you a note that is one octave higher.
The pitch of a note is indeed related to its frequency (with higher frequencies corresponding to higher pitches), and the intensity or loudness is more closely related to the amplitude of the wave rather than its pitch. The passage is highlighting the sensitivity of human hearing with regard to pitch discrimination, and the ability of some people to identify notes perfectly without any point of reference which is known as perfect pitch.