Final answer:
A civilization is a complex human society with agriculture, city settlements, social specialization, technological advances, and cultural achievements. Civilizations spread through geographic advantages, resource access, and cultural innovation. Walls were built by societies to provide protection, control trade, and demonstrate power.
Step-by-step explanation:
A civilization can be simply defined as a complex human society characterized by the development of agriculture and settlement in cities, leading to social specialization, technological progress, and cultural advancements. This definition encompasses a society that supports a large population through sustainable farming and harvesting, has an organized system of government, and features advancements in culture, art, learning, and spirituality. It is distinguished from other types of societies by the presence of urban centers and the capability for social development.
Over time, as these societies grew, shared practices, philosophies, and technologies also began to spread. Civilizations throughout history have proven capable of both power ascension, as seen with the Jomon in Japan, and coexistence, as with various cultures in Mesopotamia. The spread of civilizations has been influenced by a variety of factors, including geography, access to resources like water, and the ability of a culture to innovate and progress.
Regarding the construction of walls, historically, many societies have built walls as means of protection. These fortifications were to safeguard against invasions, control the flow of goods, and assert territorial boundaries. Walls were also symbolic of the civilization's technological prowess and organizational capabilities.