Final answer:
The psychological phenomenon where different eyewitnesses recall varied versions of the same event is known as the misinformation effect, which can lead to eyewitness misidentification.
Step-by-step explanation:
The psychological phenomenon where multiple eyewitnesses offer different versions of an event or crime is known as the misinformation effect. This effect can lead to what is known as eyewitness misidentification, where those witnessing an event recall details inaccurately due to suggestibility, which is the influence of external information leading to the creation of false memories. This phenomenon was extensively studied by Elizabeth Loftus, who demonstrated that memory can be manipulated by the language used in questions when witnesses are interviewed. Misinformation can arise from leading questions by interviewers or from other external sources such as media coverage or discussions about the event.
High profile cases like the sniper attacks in the DC area in 2002 show how public fear and extensive media coverage can contribute to a multitude of tips and potential suspects, which can overwhelm the investigative process. The variability of eyewitness accounts under such circumstances underscores the fragility of memory and the potential risks of wrongful convictions due to faulty eyewitness testimony. To combat this, legal and psychological experts have recommended reforms in the way eyewitness testimony is gathered and utilized to minimize the risk of false memories and misidentification.