Final answer:
African American literature has been shaped by social and political movements, historical events, and cultural traditions which all contribute to its richness and depth, influencing works by writers like Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Maya Angelou.
Step-by-step explanation:
African American literature has been profoundly influenced by a variety of factors, with the correct answer to what has influenced it being 4) All of the above. This includes 1) Social and political movements such as the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Arts Movement, which provided critical material and inspiration for African American writers. For example, works from authors like Nikki Giovanni and Maya Angelou echoed the sentiments of civil rights activism and were part of a growing literary tradition that revolved around the theme of race and social justice.
Moreover, 2) Historical events have shaped the themes and narratives within African American literature. The Great Migration, World Wars, and the Harlem Renaissance were pivotal moments in history that deeply impacted black authors. Authors like Langston Hughes and Claude McKay wove their personal and collective historical experiences into their work, utilizing literature as a medium to reflect life and societal changes.
Furthermore, 3) Cultural traditions and connections to African heritage were and continue to be a rich source of material for African American literature. The works of Zora Neale Hurston, for instance, often explore the themes of identity, folklore, and cultural legacy, underscoring the vibrancy of African American cultural traditions.