Final Answer:
The rise of mass incarceration, in terms of state and federal policy, is closely linked to the phenomenon of deindustrialization in urban communities. As the United States experienced significant economic changes, particularly deindustrialization, during the latter half of the 20th century, state and federal policies played a pivotal role in shaping the criminal justice system.
Step-by-step explanation:
War on Drugs and Tough-on-Crime Policies: In response to the perceived challenges posed by the War on Drugs, the 1980s and 1990s witnessed the implementation of tough-on-crime policies. Mandatory minimum sentences, three-strikes laws, and harsh penalties for drug offenses became prevalent at both state and federal levels. These policies disproportionately targeted urban communities, leading to a surge in incarceration rates.
Economic Decline and Deindustrialization: Urban communities, especially those with a historical reliance on manufacturing industries, faced economic decline and job losses due to deindustrialization. The lack of employment opportunities and economic instability contributed to the social issues within these communities.
Impact on Urban Communities: The combination of tough-on-crime policies and economic decline had a devastating impact on urban communities. Mass incarceration disrupted families, perpetuated cycles of poverty, and hindered community development. Instead of addressing root causes, the emphasis on punitive measures exacerbated social problems.
Racial Disparities: Mass incarceration disproportionately affected African American and Latino populations, intensifying racial disparities within the criminal justice system. The link between deindustrialization and the rise of mass incarceration highlighted the intersectionality of economic, social, and racial factors.