Final answer:
The creation of city-states was influenced by advanced technology which created a food surplus and by strong social organization necessary for social stability and economic management. The evolution from villages to cities necessitated structured governance and laws, stimulated by internal progress and external pressures.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two essential factors that led to the creation of the city-state system were the development of advanced technology and the emergence of strong social organization. The use of advanced technology led to the production of a food surplus, which allowed nonfarmers to specialize in other professions, eventually leading to urbanization and the need for a structured society. A strong social organization was necessary to maintain social stability and establish an economy, which allowed for the support and governance of increasingly larger and more complex communities.
As communities grew, the increase in specialized nonfarming jobs also contributed to urbanization. The need for a organized system to handle disputes and governance such as laws, courts, and public services further incentivized the establishment of advanced forms of political organization like city-states. Moreover, the pressures of population growth, internal social stratification, and external threats such as military conflicts played a pivotal role in centralizing power and forming the early foundations of city-states.