Final answer:
In a separatory funnel, liquid-liquid extraction allows two immiscible liquids to interact and separate based on differing solubilities. Shaking the funnel enables the compound of interest to dissolve more in the preferred solvent, and after settling, the layers are separated by draining the denser liquid. This process can be repeated for higher purity, and is one of several methods including filtration and chromatography for separating substances.
Step-by-step explanation:
In a separatory funnel, two immiscible liquids can interact with each other through a process called liquid-liquid extraction or solvent extraction. This technique is commonly used in preparative chemistry to separate compounds based on their different solubilities in two distinct liquid phases.
The method involves shaking the funnel to mix the phases thoroughly, which enhances contact between them and allows for the desired compound to partition into the solvent where it is more soluble. After shaking, the mixture is allowed to settle until two clear layers form. The denser liquid can then be drained through the stopcock at the bottom, effectively completing the separation.
Moreover, if the distribution ratio (the amount of compound divided by its concentration in each phase) is not sufficient for an efficient separation in one go, the process can be repeated. There are also automated systems that can perform numerous extractions, further purifying the product.
Overall, this method utilizes the principles of Le Chatelier's principle by disrupting the equilibrium that would be established if the phases were left in contact indefinitely. Techniques such as filtration and chromatography can also be used to separate substances based on physical properties such as size or interaction with a stationary phase.