Final answer:
Hornbeams (Carpinus) have smooth, muscle-like bark and pleated leaves, while hophornbeams (Ostrya) feature shaggy bark and leaves that are less serrated, with fruiting structures similar to hops.
Step-by-step explanation:
The task of distinguishing hornbeam from hophornbeam trees can be accomplished by examining several key characteristics of each species. Although the two share similar names and are both deciduous trees found in temperate regions, they belong to different genera and have distinct physical features.
Hornbeams, belonging to the genus Carpinus, are known for their smooth, gray bark which often has a distinctive, sinewy or muscle-like appearance. This characteristic bark earns the hornbeam the nickname "musclewood." The leaves of a hornbeam are simple, alternate, and have a serrated edge, with prominent veins that give them a folded or pleated appearance.
In contrast, hophornbeams belong to the genus Ostrya. These trees are recognizable by their bark, which is more shaggy and peels in narrow strips. Hophornbeams have leaves that are also simple and alternate but are less serrated than those of hornbeams. An important identification feature of hophornbeams is their unique fruiting structure, resembling the hops used in beer production; hence the name 'hophornbeam.'