Final answer:
Reviews of non-human maternal effects encompass a variety of influences such as genetic, environmental, and toxin-related factors, which are essential in understanding birth defects and developmental issues. Key studies highlight the sensitivity of offspring to exposures and the implications of maternal well-being on child health and behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
A review of non-human maternal effects can be complex, as it involves various factors, including genetic, environmental, and toxicants that affect offspring. For instance, studies on animal models, such as mice and rats, have provided insights into how factors like alcohol consumption can lead to birth defects and developmental issues. Maier & West (2001) discussed the ramifications of drinking patterns on alcohol-related birth defects.
Similarly, the impact of industrial chemicals and pollutants, as documented by researchers testing cord blood for industrial compounds in newborns, raises concerns about the potential effects on the brain and nervous system, reproductive toxicity, and fertility problems.
Welshons, Nagel, & vom Saal (2006) addressed endocrine mechanisms that can mediate effects of chemicals like bisphenol A at human exposure levels, hinting at the sensitivity of offspring to small exposures. Additionally, Fields (2010) provides a perspective on how postpartum depression affects early interactions, parenting, and safety practices. Such research highlights the diversity and significance of maternal influences, both pre-and post-natally, on offspring development and health.