Final answer:
The field of ethics is commonly characterized by three major schools: consequentialism/utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics.
Step-by-step explanation:
Characterizing the Field of Ethics
To characterize the field of ethics, it is indeed common to discuss three major schools of thought: consequentialism/utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism, particularly utilitarianism, focuses on the outcomes or consequences of actions, suggesting that morally right actions are those that result in the greatest good for the greatest number. Deontology, identified strongly with Kant's philosophy, emphasizes duty and rules, claiming that actions are morally right if they conform to moral norms that hold universally. Virtue ethics, meanwhile, concentrates on the character traits of individuals, proposing that moral behavior emanates from cultivating virtues and developing good character.
While these frameworks are significant in normative ethics, they do not entirely encapsulate the complexity of moral philosophy. Pluralists, such as Ross, argue that traditional approaches like utilitarianism and deontology oversimplify morality by adhering to single principles. Instead, they advocate for a more nuanced approach that considers a variety of duties and values that may come into conflict. Furthermore, the growing field of applied ethics applies moral reasoning to specific and controversial issues, showing that practical matters can challenge and enrich ethical theories.