Final answer:
Tonic activation refers to constant or slow receptor activity at rest and is related to a baseline level of insulin receptor signaling. An increase in tonic activation could be seen with a stronger affinity for insulin. Tonic brake signifies the inhibition of such tonic activity, affecting insulin receptor response.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of receptor tyrosine kinases, tonic activation refers to b. Constant or slow receptor activity at rest. Tonic activation is related to insulin receptor signaling as it can influence glucose uptake and metabolism. In instances of insulin receptor signaling, tonic activation would not necessarily change in the absence of insulin as it is a baseline level of activity. An increase in tonic activation of the insulin receptor could be observed through properties such as a. Stronger affinity for insulin, which would facilitate more binding and lead to increased signaling even at lower ligand concentrations.
The opposite of tonic activation in the context of receptor tyrosine kinases is a. Phasic activation, which is a response triggered by a sudden increase in ligand (such as insulin) concentration, leading to a brief and high level of receptor activity. In the study's context, tonic brake signifies b. Inhibition or opposition to tonic activity, which can modulate the sensitivity and activity of insulin receptor signaling.