Question

The idea of the two aristocracies - heredity and aristocracy and the upper-middle class. (Lawyers, stockbrokers, bankers, businessmen, government officials.) The idea of working more hours for the same money. Shelley's atheism sees organized religion as exploitation. Why do we not mourn going to war? A standing army signifies perpetual readiness - turn upon protesters, via the Peterloo Massacre. -without war there would be no tyranny idea that everyone is born with virtue and have to learn to be corrupt/blind to their virtue: 'these brief considerations suffice to show that the true friend of mankind and of his country would hesitate before he recommended measures which tend to bring down so heavy a calamity as war.' –> it is promoting the revolution as something for the better

Answer 1

The shift from land-based aristocratic wealth to industry-led bourgeois wealth reshaped European societies in the nineteenth century, prompting conservatism's defense of tradition against perceived social chaos and the rise of industrialists' efforts to humanize labor conditions.

Step-by-step explanation:

The transition from aristocracy to bourgeoisie prominence is a key element of modern European history. The nobility, traditionally characterized by their landholdings and hereditary titles, faced weakening legal structures and a shift in wealth generation from land to commerce and industry during the nineteenth century. This transition aligned with the emergence of the industrial middle class, who advocated for political reforms like universal male suffrage and were partly responsible for altering the social hierarchy.

Conservatism, as a response, emphasized tradition and the maintenance of established hierarchies, fearing the potential chaos of unregulated social change. Edmund Burke, a notable conservative thinker, defended the existing social order against the tumult caused by the French Revolution, highlighting the importance of experience and tradition over mathematical calculations of majority rule.

Industrialists like Robert Owen, however, challenged this conservative perspective by attempting to improve the welfare of workers, fostering cooperation and education. Despite such efforts, many conservatives, like Joseph de Maistre, persisted in viewing human nature as inherently flawed and believed that only a strong monarchy, nobility, and church could sustain social order.