Final answer:
The work of political philosophy in Volney's writing reflects Enlightenment ideals, advocating for reason, natural law, and basic rights like religious toleration and freedom of speech, all of which contributed to shaping new governments and social orders.
Step-by-step explanation:
The work of political philosophy in Volney's writing can be understood within the broader context of the Enlightenment period. Political philosophy during this era sought to advance freedom, reason, and science, and challenge established doctrines, particularly those of the Catholic Church. Figures like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu argued for a civil society based on reason and natural law over faith and were instrumental in the ideas that led to revolutions and the creation of new governments.
Voltaire was a champion of religious toleration and freedom of speech, while Montesquieu introduced concepts critical to modern political systems, such as the separation of powers. This rich philosophical tradition influenced Volney and others in their critique of existing institutions and their advocacy for the principles that they believed would lead to a just and rational society.