Final answer:
Deductive reasoning is the process that starts with a general theory and leads to a specific conclusion, whereas inductive reasoning works from specific observations to a general conclusion. Inductive reasoning is fundamental in science for forming broad generalizations and theories, which are then tested through deductive reasoning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The form of reasoning that begins with a general theory and arrives at a specific conclusion after observing a body of information is known as deductive reasoning. In contrast, inductive reasoning refers to the process where a general conclusion is reached from a number of specific observations. This is a common approach in empirical science, such as biology, where observations are made, data are collected, and generalizations are inferred from the analysis of a large amount of data.
When scientists engage in inductive reasoning, they observe patterns, make generalizations, and devise theories based on the evidence at hand. These theories can then generate hypotheses that are tested using deductive reasoning to either confirm or disprove them. Thus, science involves both inductive and deductive thinking, often using them in tandem to advance scientific knowledge. Conclusions drawn from inductive reasoning may be incorrect despite being based on direct observations, which is a critical difference from deductive reasoning, where conclusions must logically follow from the given premises. Inductive reasoning can lead to broad generalizations, and while these may need further testing, they are essential for developing new scientific theories.