Final answer:
Option A: Objective good can be argued to exist independently of God through the philosophical ideas of ethical naturalism and moral realism, which find basis in human nature, rationality, and shared goals rather than divine command.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question posed is whether a shared human interest can preserve a sense of objective good without needing a reference to a God, challenging the notion that objective values inherently require a divine source. Moral arguments for the existence of God often assert that if objective values exist, they necessitate a universal and unchanging source, which is frequently identified as God. However, various philosophical theories present alternative foundations for morality that do not rely on the divine. For instance, ethical naturalism suggests that moral values are based on natural facts about the world, such as the fulfillment of human nature and well-being.
Moral realism posits that there are moral facts about the world that are objectively true, which can be justified without reference to God but rather through rational, empirical, or societal means. The concept of telos also introduces the idea that objective morality can be established by assessing whether an action fulfills a given goal or purpose. Hence, while some argue that without God, there is no basis for objective values, others believe that a shared human interest in a flourishing life and the rational examination of outcomes can indeed preserve objective morality.