Final answer:
option d.Anatma is the term that specifically indicates disbelief in a permanent unchanging individual essence, particularly the human 'soul' or 'spirit,' without necessarily implying either belief or disbelief in God/gods.
Step-by-step explanation:
The specific term that indicates disbelief in a permanent unchanging individual essence, particularly the human 'soul' or 'spirit,' without necessarily implying either belief or disbelief in God/gods is Anatma. Anatma is a concept found in Buddhism, which denies the existence of a permanent self or soul. According to Buddhist teachings, the self is seen as impermanent and interconnected with all other phenomena. This belief in anatma contrasts with the idea of atman in Hinduism, which refers to the eternal self or soul.
The term that specifically indicates disbelief in a permanent unchanging individual essence, such as the human "soul" or "spirit," without necessarily implying either belief or disbelief in God or gods is d) Anatma. Anatma, from Buddhist doctrine, negates the existence of a permanent, unchangeable soul, which is in contrast to the Hindu concept of atman, meaning the eternal self or soul. Unlike materialism, which denies all non-physical substances and thus any form of deity or divine essence, anatma does not extend to make a statement about the existence or non-existence of gods. It is a specific term related to the nature of self and points towards the impermanence and the absence of an unchanging self within the concept of Buddhism.