Final answer:
In the Keynesian framework, a recession could be caused by d. a decrease in consumer spending or a decrease in government spending, both leading to a drop in aggregate demand. An increase in aggregate demand, however, might lead to inflation.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the Keynesian framework, a few events might cause a recession, but in the context of the choices provided, a decrease in consumer spending (d) is likely to be the culprit. A recession in the Keynesian sense occurs when there is a drop in aggregate demand, leading to lower production, job loss, and subsequent increases in unemployment. Such a decline in aggregate demand can be triggered by a variety of factors including a decrease in government spending, which is also a correct answer to the original question since it reduces overall demand in the economy. On the other hand, an increase in aggregate demand could potentially lead to inflation, as could an increase in consumer spending, which is contrary to one of the options provided.
In the Keynesian framework, a recession can be caused by a decrease in consumption or a decrease in government spending, both of which would lead to a decrease in aggregate demand. A decrease in consumer spending (d) would result in less demand for goods and services, which could lead to a recession. Therefore, option d) is correct.