Final answer:
Post-transcriptional control involves the control of RNA splicing, RNA stability, and RNA shuttling. These processes are important for the modification and translation-readiness of the newly transcribed mRNA. The appearance of two different proteins from one gene is often due to alternative splicing.
Step-by-step explanation:
The elements that are involved in post-transcriptional control include:
- Control of RNA splicing - the process where spliceosomes remove introns and join exons to generate a mature messenger RNA (mRNA).
- Control of RNA stability - factors that influence the lifespan of mRNA in the cytoplasm, affecting how much protein is synthesized. MicroRNAs often play a role in decreasing RNA stability and promoting mRNA decay.
- Control of RNA shuttling - the transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Further, in the context of gene expression, promoters are sequences of DNA that initiate transcription, enhancers are DNA sequences that increase the transcription of associated genes, RNA polymerase is the enzyme that produces RNA from a DNA template, and spliceosomes are involved in the removal of introns during mRNA maturation.