Final answer:
Both macrophages and neutrophils are part of the innate immune system and function to phagocytize pathogens and produce an immediate innate immune response.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the options provided, the cell type that produces an immediate innate immune response by recognizing an invading pathogen and engulfing it is macrophages (c) and neutrophils (d). Both of these cell types are part of the innate immune system and are known for their ability to phagocytize pathogens—a process where they consume and digest foreign particles, effectively removing them from the body.
Macrophages are particularly versatile as they not only phagocytize pathogens but also produce chemicals that promote inflammation to aid in the body's defense. Besides, neutrophils are often the first responders to infection, quickly arriving at the site to combat the intruders with their phagocytic activity and the production of cytokines that aid in pathogen destruction.