Final answer:
Tuberculosis does not involve an arthropod vector. It is caused by a bacterium and is transmitted through the air, unlike dengue fever, Lyme disease, and Chagas disease, which are arthropod vector-borne.
Step-by-step explanation:
The disease among the listed options that does not involve an arthropod vector is tuberculosis (d). Diseases such as dengue fever (a), Lyme disease (b), and Chagas disease (c) are transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. To elaborate, dengue fever is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks carrying the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, and Chagas disease is transmitted by the triatomine bug. However, tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is usually spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids into the air.