Final answer:
When a patient bitten by a rabid dog receives an injection of antibodies, it's called passive immunization, specifically artificial passive immunity. This provides immediate protection against the virus.
Step-by-step explanation:
A patient is bitten by a dog with confirmed rabies infection and receives an injection of antibodies specific for the rabies virus to prevent development of an active infection. This medical intervention is an example of passive immunization.
Passive immunization refers to the introduction of antibodies into an individual from an external source rather than the individual's own immune system actively producing them. These externally sourced antibodies provide immediate protection, as the body does not have to take time to develop its own immune response. This is in contrast to active immunization, where a person's immune system is stimulated by antigens, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells that confer long-term immunity.
In this case, the patient receiving antibodies against the rabies virus is benefiting from artificial passive immunity, which is particularly valuable in providing immediate protection against the rabies virus and preventing the onset of the infection.