Final answer:
The relationship between the peoples of the steppes and their neighbors was a combination of conflict, war, economic exchange, and cultural adaptation, influenced by ecological conditions and the need for resources.
Step-by-step explanation:
The relationship between the peoples of the steppes and their neighbors was a combination of both conflict and cultural adaptation. The nomadic peoples of the steppes were often forced to adapt their lifestyles to changing climate conditions, which could lead them to interact with nearby civilizations in various ways. When the climate was harsh and resources were scarce, these interactions could manifest as raids on agricultural communities. However, there were also periods of economic exchange and diplomatic relations, particularly when times were more stable and resources were available through trade.
The peoples of the steppes and the adjacent societies, like the Chinese, had complex relationships that oscillated between peaceful trade and conflict. The Chinese implemented defensive strategies, established tributary relations, and sometimes faced invasions from steppe peoples who later formed influential dynasties like the Yuan and Qing. This demonstrates that steppe-society interactions were not solely based on warfare but also included diplomacy and economic agreements. Moreover, the presence of nomads fostered cultural exchanges as they migrated and interacted with various cultures, leading to significant cultural adaptations.