Final answer:
The Zhou Dynasty is known for the Mandate of Heaven, the Qin for centralized government and Legalism, and the Han Dynasty for developing a civil service system based on Confucian ideals. Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism were significant philosophies during these periods.
Step-by-step explanation:
Legacies and Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Dynasties
The ancient Chinese dynasties each left a distinct mark on China's history. The Zhou Dynasty is noted for the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, which was a divine right to rule, claiming the Emperor was chosen by a celestial order. The idea held that a virtuous ruler would be allowed to govern, but if they became despotic, the Mandate would be passed to another more deserving lineage. The Zhou's contribution was a guiding principle for later dynasties and began the imperial blueprint.
The Qin Dynasty introduced a centralized government where Legalism flourished. This strict philosophy focused on clear laws and harsh punishments as mechanisms to maintain state control and order. The Qin also outlawed other states' currencies, scripts, and laws, striving for fiscal and legal uniformity and leaving a legacy of centralized authority and unified Chinese culture.
Under the Han Dynasty, Confucianism became the official state philosophy, which encouraged a virtuous and benevolent bureaucracy. The Han also developed a comprehensive civil service system, which included rigorous examinations for government officials. This system led to the creation of a meritocracy and laid the groundwork for future governmental structures in China.
Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism
These three philosophies evolved within the same historical context and often borrowed from each other. Confucianism focused on social harmony through proper behavior and respect for hierarchical relationships. Legalism was more pragmatic, arguing for a strong, centralized state that enforced strict laws. Daoism emphasized harmony with the natural world and was often a source of comfort and guidance during chaotic periods like the Warring States.
Therefore, the correct legacy of each dynasty is as follows: c. Zhou: Mandate of Heaven, Qin: Centralized government, Han: Civil service system