Final answer:
The Babylonian exile challenged and reshaped the religious identity of the Judeans by leading to a cultural and religious revival and the development of strict religious customs and laws.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Babylonian exile had a significant impact on the faith of the Judeans. It challenged and reshaped their religious identity (option b). During their time in Babylon, the Judeans experienced a cultural and religious revival. They edited and combined earlier Hebrew writings into the core of the Hebrew Bible. The exile also led to the development of strict religious customs, laws, and the duty to study sacred books, which were meant to preserve their religious identity (option b). The exile did not lead to the adoption of polytheism (option d).