The electron diagram for hydrogen is: H:X + H:X -> H:H. Electron diagram for chlorine: Cl:+++++++ + H:X -> Cl:X- + H:X. Electron diagram for oxygen: O:XXXXXX + 2(H:X) -> O:XX- + 2(H:X). Electron diagram for water is: O:XX- + 2(H:X) -> H:O:H
To complete the electron diagrams for covalent bonding in simple molecules using a capital 'X' and a plus sign '+' to represent the electrons, we need to follow these steps:
1. Identify the valence electrons of each atom. Hydrogen has one valence electron, chlorine has seven valence electrons, and oxygen has six valence electrons.
2. Draw the Lewis symbol for each atom, including the valence electrons.
3. Determine the number of electrons needed to form a full outer shell for each atom. Hydrogen needs two electrons to form a full outer shell, chlorine needs one electron, and oxygen needs two electrons.
4. Share electrons between the atoms so that each atom has a full outer shell.
5. Draw the electron diagram for the molecule.
a. Hydrogen
Hydrogen: 1 valence electron
Lewis symbol: H:X
Hydrogen needs two electrons to form a full outer shell. Therefore, we need to share one electron from another hydrogen atom.
Electron diagram for hydrogen:
H:X + H:X -> H:H
b. Chlorine
Chlorine: 7 valence electrons
Lewis symbol: Cl:+++++++
Chlorine needs one electron to form a full outer shell. Therefore, we need to share one electron from another atom.
Electron diagram for chlorine:
Cl:+++++++ + H:X -> Cl:X- + H:X
c. Oxygen
Oxygen: 6 valence electrons
Lewis symbol: O:XXXXXX
Oxygen needs two electrons to form a full outer shell. Therefore, we need to share two electrons from other atoms.
Electron diagram for oxygen:
O:XXXXXX + 2(H:X) -> O:XX- + 2(H:X)
d. Water
Water is a molecule made up of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. To draw the electron diagram for water, we need to share electrons between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms so that each atom has a full outer shell.
Electron diagram for water:
O:XX- + 2(H:X) -> H:O:H
Therefore, the completed electron diagrams are as follows:
Hydrogen: H:H
Chlorine: Cl:X-
Oxygen: O:XX-
Water: H:O:H
Please note that the above electron diagrams are simplified representations of the actual electron structure of these molecules. In reality, the electrons are not localized in specific positions around the atoms. However, these simplified diagrams are useful for understanding the basic concepts of covalent bonding.
The lewis dot structures for these elements are attached below