Question

Certain criteria must be satisfied if a measurement or observation is to be believed. Will the criteria necessarily be as strict for an expected result as for an unexpected result?

a) Yes, criteria are equally strict for both
b) No, criteria are stricter for expected results
c) No, criteria are stricter for unexpected results
d) Criteria are subjective and vary

Answer 1

The criteria for scientific measurements and observations are strict regardless of whether a result is expected or unexpected. However, unexpected results often undergo extra scrutiny and verification to ensure reliability.

Step-by-step explanation:

Criteria for Scientific Measurements and Observations

When it comes to scientific measurements and observations, certain criteria must be satisfied to ensure validity and reliability. Whether the result is expected or unexpected should not affect these criteria—scientific rigor is mandatory in both cases. However, unexpected results often undergo more scrutiny and verification because they may challenge established theories or introduce new phenomena that require additional evidence to be accepted by the scientific community. To minimize observer bias, establish the reliability and credibility of results, and protect the integrity of science, inter-rater reliability is often employed. This involves multiple observers comparing their observations to assess consistency. Therefore, while the criteria for conducting measurements and observations remain strict regardless of the outcome, unexpected results may prompt a more rigorous evaluation process.