Final answer:
The angle of refraction in air can be calculated using Snell's law, which states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two mediums. In this case, with an angle of incidence of 30° and refractive indices of 1.33 for water and 1.00 for air, the angle of refraction in air is approximately 41.8°.
Step-by-step explanation:
The angle of refraction in air can be calculated using Snell's law, which states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two mediums. In this case, with an angle of incidence of 30° and refractive indices of 1.33 for water and 1.00 for air, the angle of refraction in air is approximately 41.8°.
In this case, when a pencil flashlight is submerged in water, the refractive index of water is approximately 1.33 and the refractive index of air is 1.00. With an angle of incidence of 30°, we can calculate the angle of refraction in air using sin(30°) / sin(angle of refraction) = 1.33 / 1.00.
The angle of refraction in air is approximately 41.8°.