Final answer:
c) Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is the organelle that assists in the movement of proteins and other cellular materials by organizing, modifying, packaging, and directing them to their destinations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The organelle primarily responsible for assisting in the movement of proteins and other cellular materials is the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and tags products from the rough ER, which includes proteins. These products are then organized and directed to various parts of the cell, or exported out of the cell through exocytosis. The Golgi apparatus is an essential component in the network of cellular organelles that work together to process and transport proteins within and outside the eukaryotic cell.
The rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for protein synthesis using attached ribosomes. After synthesis, proteins are sent to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and packaging, which may include being packaged as new lysosomes for use within the cell. Both the rough ER and the Golgi apparatus are part of the endomembrane system, fundamental to protein processing and transport.
It is important to note that ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis in all cells, including prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus and other organelles. Although ribosomes are not directly involved in transport, they initiate the protein synthesis that the ER and Golgi continue to process. Furthermore, lysosomes and peroxisomes, which are involved in breaking down material inside the cell, are types of organelles, not vesicles.