Final answer:
A monarchy is a form of government headed by a monarch, either with absolute power or as a ceremonial figurehead in a constitutional monarchy. Throughout history, monarchical systems have been justified by concepts like the divine right of kings but have evolved to adapt to modern democratic principles. Today, monarchs often serve in a largely symbolic capacity within constitutional frameworks.
Step-by-step explanation:
Monarchy is a form of government where supreme power resides in an individual, normally called a monarch, who typically holds the position for life or until abdication. This system of governance has a long history and has been prevalent across the world. Monarchical rule is often hereditary, but in certain cases, such as the election of the Pope, it is elective.
Monarchies can be classified into absolute monarchies and constitutional monarchies. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch holds unlimited political power. However, in a constitutional monarchy, which is more common in today's political climate, monarchs act within the bounds of a constitution and often have ceremonial roles, with real political power vested in elected officials, such as the prime minister.
Historically, monarchies often invoked the divine right of kings, a doctrine that posited the monarch's authority as granted by a divine power, thus justifying absolute rule. Today, 43 nations continue to have monarchs, but most have moved towards constitutional monarchies, recognizing the ceremonial significance of monarchs while maintaining a democratic structure for active governance.