Question

List all possible cellular target ( five target such as cell wall) which a antibacterial antibiotics could disrupt/inhibit/block/destroy etc. and give example.

Answer 1

Antibacterial antibiotics target cellular structures such as cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and folate synthesis in bacteria, offering a high degree of selective toxicity to treat bacterial infections without harming human cells.

Step-by-step explanation:

Antibacterial antibiotics can disrupt various cellular targets to combat bacterial infections. Here are five possible targets these drugs may affect:

1. Cell Wall Biosynthesis - Antibiotics like penicillin inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which is crucial for bacterial cell wall integrity. This is highly effective as humans do not have peptidoglycan cell walls.
2. Protein Synthesis - Certain antibiotics, such as tetracyclines, target the bacterial ribosome, disrupting protein synthesis which is vital for cell survival.
3. DNA Replication - Drugs such as fluoroquinolones inhibit DNA gyrase, an enzyme necessary for DNA replication in bacteria.
4. RNA Synthesis - Rifampin is an example that binds to bacterial RNA polymerase, thus hindering the synthesis of RNA.
5. Folate Synthesis - Sulfonamides act by inhibiting folate synthesis, a pathway necessary for DNA, RNA, and protein production in bacteria.

Each antibiotic has a unique mode of action, which provides selective toxicity, killing or inhibiting bacterial growth while minimizing harm to the host. Additionally, gram-negative bacteria can develop drug resistance by limiting drug accumulation through changes in membrane lipid composition or porin channels.