Final answer:
Constrictions along the ureter's course are found where it leaves the renal pelvis, crosses the pelvic brim, and pierces the bladder wall, hence the answer is d) All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The constrictions along the ureter's course occur at several key points. Firstly, constrictions can be found where the ureter leaves the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-shaped end of the ureter as it exits the kidney. Secondly, constrictions may also occur where the ureter is kinked or pinched, such as where it crosses the pelvic brim. Lastly, a significant constriction exists where the ureter pierces the bladder wall to create a one-way valve that prevents the backflow of urine. Therefore, the correct answer to the question would be d) All of the above.