Final answer:
Permissions that are assigned directly to a file or folder are called explicit permissions, set by an administrator or user on the object to control access.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of permissions that are assigned directly to a file or folder are known as explicit permissions. Explicit permissions are those that are set by an administrator or user directly on the object, such as a file or folder. These permissions are not inherited from a parent folder or container, but are intentionally and individually assigned to an object to control access.
On the contrary, inherited permissions are those that a file or folder receives from its parent directory. These help maintain consistent security settings throughout a directory structure. However, explicit permissions take precedence over inherited permissions when applied to the same object.