Final answer:
Inductive reasoning uses related observations to arrive at general conclusions and is exemplified by observing brain activity to determine function. Deductive reasoning starts with general principles to predict specific outcomes, such as predicting biodiversity changes due to climate warming.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is called inductive reasoning. This method involves formulating generalizations inferred from careful observation and the analysis of a large amount of data. For instance, in biology, a scientist may observe many brains while subjects perform a task and infer which parts of the brain are responsible for responding to that specific task based on which areas 'light up' during the activity, indicated by increased radioactivity observed by a scanner.
Deductive reasoning, on the other hand, is a form of logical thinking that starts with a general principle or law to forecast specific results. It is used in hypothesis-based science to predict outcomes based on established principles. An example of deductive reasoning would be predicting changes in the distribution of plants and animals based on climate change models.